Emerging threats: Antimicrobial resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli strains, particularly those producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase (CR-Ec), represents a serious global health threat. These resistant strains have been associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, as they limit the effectiveness of standard antibiotic therapies. The prevalence of ESBL- and CR-Ec-producing strains continues to rise, driven by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agricultural settings, and facilitated by global interconnectedness through international travel, trade, and food distribution. This review article examines the molecular mechanisms behind ESBL and CR resistance, focusing on the key genes involved in these processes, such as blaCTX-M, blaKPC, and blaNDM, and the clinical challenges posed by these strains. Additionally, the public health impact, including the spread of infections in hospital and community environments, is highlighted. The discussion emphasizes the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, robust surveillance systems, and innovative therapeutic strategies. Emerging treatments, including phage therapy and novel antibiotic combinations, show promise in addressing these challenges and offer potential breakthroughs in combating resistant strains. Lastly, the review calls for stronger antimicrobial stewardship and policy reforms to mitigate the spread of resistant E. coli strains and protect global public health. Effective intervention at multiple levels, from diagnostics to policy, is critical to controlling the threat posed by AMR.