ERJ open research · 2026
Respiratory viral infection is associated with increased Pseudomonas abundance in the cystic fibrosis airway.
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Hilliam Yasmin, Armbruster Catherine R, Atteih Samar E, Rapsinski Glenn J, Johnson Monika, Moore John, Koirala Junu, Krainz Leah, Gaston Jordan, Williams John, Cooper Vaughn S, Lee Stella E, Bomberger Jennifer M
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory viral infections are an important driver of morbidity and mortality in people with chronic lung disease and are frequently associated with pulmonary exacerbations and a transition from intermittent to chronic bacterial infection of the airways. Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are associated with worsened lung function and poor outcomes. We sought to improve understanding of the effects of respiratory viral infections and immune response on the bacterial community of the airways.
METHODS: We performed an observational longitudinal study of 38 adults with cystic fibrosis and collected sinus and sputum samples at 6-month intervals from 2017 to 2021. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterise the airway microbiota, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for viral infection detection, and cytokine quantification.
RESULTS: We observed viral positivity rates of 19% and 14% in sinus and sputum samples, respectively. Human rhinovirus was the most frequently observed viral pathogen in both sinus and sputum samples. We measured a significant perturbance of the bacterial community during viral infection that did not return to baseline following resolution of the viral infection. This perturbation was driven by a significant increase in Pseudomonas relative abundance during viral infection. Furthermore, we found significant associations with increased Pseudomonas relative abundance for several pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-8 and interferon-λ1.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate an important role for respiratory viral infections and the host immune response in the development and maintenance of chronic Pseudomonas infections in the context of cystic fibrosis airway disease and broadly expand our understanding of viral-bacterial co-infection of the airways.
METHODS: We performed an observational longitudinal study of 38 adults with cystic fibrosis and collected sinus and sputum samples at 6-month intervals from 2017 to 2021. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterise the airway microbiota, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for viral infection detection, and cytokine quantification.
RESULTS: We observed viral positivity rates of 19% and 14% in sinus and sputum samples, respectively. Human rhinovirus was the most frequently observed viral pathogen in both sinus and sputum samples. We measured a significant perturbance of the bacterial community during viral infection that did not return to baseline following resolution of the viral infection. This perturbation was driven by a significant increase in Pseudomonas relative abundance during viral infection. Furthermore, we found significant associations with increased Pseudomonas relative abundance for several pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-8 and interferon-λ1.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate an important role for respiratory viral infections and the host immune response in the development and maintenance of chronic Pseudomonas infections in the context of cystic fibrosis airway disease and broadly expand our understanding of viral-bacterial co-infection of the airways.