Effect of Respiratory Viral Panel Adoption on Antibiotic Use in Ventilated Patients.

Rationale: Rapid respiratory viral panel (RVP) testing has become widely used to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory failure. However, the impact of RVP on antibiotic stewardship in critically ill patients is unclear.

Objectives

To assess if adoption of RVP testing at hospitals was associated with changes in antibiotic duration in intensive care unit patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.

Methods

With data from the Premier Inc. database from 2016 to 2019, we used interrupted time series with multivariable hierarchical linear regression models to quantify trends in outcomes for 31,644 patients in the 12 months before RVP adoption, the level change in outcomes at the time of RVP adoption (estimand of interest), and changes in outcome trends in the 12 months after RVP adoption.

Results

Hospital adoption of RVP testing (n = 62,603) was associated with a decrease in days of antibiotics by 0.5 days (95% confidence interval, -0.8, -0.1) in the first month after adoption. There was also a significant decrease in the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection by 0.9% (95% confidence interval, -1.6, -0.3). There were no significant changes in other outcomes, including hospitalization costs, hospital length of stay, or rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Conclusions

Hospital adoption of RVP testing was associated with modest reductions in both antibiotic duration and risk of C. difficile infection among intensive care unit patients with acute respiratory failure and suspected infection.