Livestock-associated antimicrobial resistance and its implications for human health in India: A one health perspective.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly growing global public health problem. There is growing evidence that the emergence and dissemination of AMR genes and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are linked to antibiotic use in animals raised primarily for food. The use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming in India has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and their impact on human health. Resistant bacteria can be transmitted via the food chain, direct contact with animals and the environment. Recent surveillance studies in India have shown that AMR exists in humans and in animal production systems as well as in the environment, making it evident that AMR are interdependent in human, animal and environmental production systems. Governmental efforts such as the National Action Plan (NAP) on AMR and the ban on colistin use in livestock for food production are important measures, but there is still work to be done. While these are positive measures, there are still gaps in monitoring, antimicrobial stewardship and knowledge among stakeholders. This brief communication highlights the public health issues posed by livestock-associated AMR in India and the need for robust One Health surveillance, judicious antibiotic use, and coordinated government initiatives to prevent the emergence of resistance.