Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for failed surgical bioprosthetic valves.

When bioprosthetic cardiac valves fail, reoperative valve replacement carries a higher risk of morbidity and mortality compared with initial valve replacement. Transcatheter heart valve implantation may be a viable alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement for high-risk patients with native aortic stenosis, and valve-in-valve (V-in-V) implantation has been successfully performed for failed surgical bioprostheses in the aortic, mitral, pulmonic, and tricuspid positions. Despite some core similarities to transcatheter therapy of native valve disease, V-in-V therapy poses unique clinical and anatomic challenges. In this paper, we review the challenges, selection criteria, techniques, and outcomes of V-in-V implantation.