Recent advances in piperazine derivatives as antibacterial agents: a comprehensive review (2020-2024).

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health challenge that requires the development of new therapeutic drugs. Piperazine, a privileged nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffold, has been identified as a viable framework for antibacterial drug development. This review examines current breakthroughs (2020-2024) in piperazine-based compounds with antibacterial activity. We discuss their structural modifications and potency against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Special importance is placed on newly synthesized compounds demonstrating high efficacy, as well as their structure-activity relationships (SAR). Additionally, we highlight ongoing challenges and future perspectives in the development of piperazine-based antibacterial agents, underscoring their potential to combat resistant pathogens.