The role of microRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors: From potential biomarkers to therapeutic tools.

Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been a breakthrough in the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients. Nonetheless, only a subset of patients responds to this treatment, and those who respond will eventually develop resistance. Recent evidence supports the strong association of numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) with ICIs resistance mechanisms in NSCLC. This review presents the latest findings from studies on patients' samples, strongly suggesting a role for miRNAs in NSCLC resistance to ICIs. Collective data highlights the emerging potential of miRNAs as predictive biomarkers, to stratify NSCLC patients according to their response to ICIs. This review also addresses the preclinical potential of miRNAs-based therapeutic tools to overcome ICIs resistance in NSCLC.