Association of Vitamin Deficiency With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Review.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe pulmonary vascular syndrome characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure, which may lead to right-heart failure and death. Nutritional deficiencies have been identified in patients with PAH. However, a comprehensive characterization of vitamin deficiencies in patients with PAH and their potential roles remains lacking. Consequently, this review aims to synthesize existing literature on the roles of vitamins in PAH, encompassing the epidemiology of vitamin deficiencies, observational and interventional studies investigating the therapeutic potential of vitamins in patients with PAH, and the molecular mechanisms through which vitamins may influence endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary vascular remodeling.