Hepatitis B and liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation (LT) is the only effective treatment for hepatitis B-virus (HBV) related end stage liver disease, even if the outcome of these patients, has significantly improved after introduction of effective and well tolerated nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NUC). Pre-transplant therapy has been initially based on lamivudine, but entecavir and tenofovir represent the currently recommended first-line therapeutic option in patients with HBV decompensated cirrhosis. After LT, the development of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in the early 1990's dramatically changes the prognosis of these patients by reducing the incidence of HBV recurrence and increasing survival rate. Combination of HBIG and NUC is now considered as the standard of care for prophylaxis against HBV recurrence, however personalized therapeutic algorithms based on pre- and post-transplant viral and host factors have been proposed. Finally, liver grafts from hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors and from hepatitis B antigen-positive donors can be safely used in selected patients.