Intravenous and Oral Hydration: Approaches, Principles, and Differing Regimens.

Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy is founded on minimizing the pathophysiologic consequences of contrast media (CM) interacting with a vulnerable kidney. In this article, the rationale for administering fluid (oral or intravenous) is discussed, and the clinical trials exploring different protocols are reviewed. A benefit from administration of fluids before CM exposure, which corrects volume depletion and increases urine output, can be expected. Forced diuresis without adequate volume replacement is deleterious.