Preparedness, digitalization, and diaspora: An extended framework for evaluating consular emergency response.

This article revises Tindall and 't Hart's (2011) framework for evaluating consular emergency management by integrating lessons from Baltic and Nordic responses to COVID‑19. It asks how far the original framework captures performance in a protracted, global, and digitally mediated emergency, and what amendments render it adequate. Drawing on eight semi‑structured interviews with senior diplomats, triangulated with government and secondary sources, the study applies the framework comparatively across eight states and develops an indicative assessment matrix. It identifies innovations in sense‑making, decision‑making, and operational coordination, including travel apps, SMS‑based registration, and AI‑driven communication, while weighing risks of digital exclusion, data protection, and accountability. The analysis highlights the strategic role of preparedness, the operational benefits of public-private partnerships and national assets, and the growing importance of diaspora diplomacy as a force multiplier offering situational intelligence, cultural mediation, and logistical support. The proposed expanded framework adds a Preparedness function and indicators for digital infrastructure and multi‑actor engagement, distinguishes wholly new elements from refinements of existing ones, and reflects on transferability to lower‑resource settings. Findings underscore that resilient consular systems require foresight, technology, and networked collaboration to safeguard citizens abroad in an era of volatility.