Didecyldimethylammonium chloride-induced lung fibrosis may be associated with phospholipidosis.

In the current study, we dosed didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) in mice by pharyngeal aspiration for 28 days or 90 days (weekly) and tried to elucidate the relationship between lamellar body formation and the lesions. When exposed for 28 days (0, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/head), all the mice in the 50 and 100 μg/head groups died since Day 2 after the third dosing (Day 16 after the first dosing). Edema, necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, and fibrinous exudate were observed in the lungs of all the dead mice, and chronic inflammatory lesions were observed in the lung tissues of alive mice. When dosed with DDAC of 0, 1, 4, and 8 μg/head for 13 weeks, the total number of pulmonary cells and the pulmonary levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines significantly increased, and chronic inflammatory lesions were detected with the production of collagen, collagen fibers, and lamellar body-like structures. Swelling of the nuclear envelope and nucleoplasmic components and generation of lipid droplets were also notably observed in the lung tissues of DDAC (8 μg/head)-treated mice. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis performed using human bronchial epithelial cells showed that DDAC affected the expression of DNA damage, ER stress, lipid metabolism, and transcription regulation-related genes at 6 h after treatment, as it did 24 h treatment and that early growth response factor 1 gene was added to a list of the most up-regulated genes. Meanwhile, cytokines that are associated with the pathology of chronic lung diseases (IL-11, IL-24, and TGF-β) were slightly increased in the lung of DDAC-treated mice, and only the pulmonary level of CCL-2, but not CXCL-1 and CCL-3, increased in both sexes of mice. More importantly, the GM-CSF level increased dose-dependently in the lungs of both sexes of mice exposed to DDAC. Considering that the wound-healing process can take several weeks to complete, we suggest that DDAC-induced pulmonary fibrosis may be attributable to disruption of the wound-healing process due to continuous exposure to DDAC. We also hypothesize that the formation of lamellar bodies may be attributable to lysosomal accumulation of phospholipids separated from the destroyed lung tissue membrane.