Delta-Beta Coupling in Adolescents with Depression: A Preliminary Examination of Associations with Age, Symptoms, and Treatment Outcomes.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating adolescent depressive symptoms but with variable treatment response. Heterogeneity in treatment outcome may be due in part to individual differences in cognitive and emotional processes in depressed adolescents, and there is a need to identify biomarkers associated with symptoms and treatment outcomes. There has been growing interest in leveraging electroencephalography (EEG) data to examine correspondence between multiple frequency bands, and delta-beta coupling in particular is thought to underlie emotion regulation and offers a promising biomarker in adolescent depression. In the present study, clinically depressed adolescents aged 14-18 years old (N=54) completed 6-minutes of EEG at rest before and after a 16-session group CBT program. Analyses were focused on associations of pre- and post-treatment delta-beta coupling power with age, depressive symptoms and clinician-rated severity at baseline and the end of treatment, and clinician-rated improvement. Results indicated that older adolescents showed lower delta-beta coupling than younger adolescents and girls showed higher coupling post-treatment. Greater delta-beta coupling before and after treatment was associated with greater clinician-rated severity. Surprisingly, greater pre-treatment delta-beta coupling was associated with lower self-reported depressive symptoms with treatment. These results suggest that elevated delta-beta coupling, potentially reflecting more difficulty regulating emotions, is associated with gender and age in adolescents with depression and may be related to greater severity and poorer treatment outcomes, but replication in larger samples is needed.