Intraoperative Vertebral Artery Injury: Evaluation, Management, and Prevention.

Vertebral artery injury (VAI) is a serious and potentially life-threatening injury that is encountered with trauma to the cervical spine and less frequently during surgery. VAI can occur during either anterior or posterior cervical approaches or instrumentation and often involves anomalous courses of the artery. Although the incidence is rare, serious consequences including fistula formation, thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm development, cerebral ischemia, hemorrhage, and death may occur. Management of VAI can be divided into prevention, including review of preoperative imaging with knowledge of the anatomic course, utilization of surgical landmarks intraoperatively, and prompt recognition and management when injury is encountered.