CD44, ACAN, PLVAP, and HBEGF Emerged as Potential Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy.

BACKGROUND

DNA methylation was critically involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the clinical diagnostic value and mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to identify and validate the biomarkers associated with DNA methylation in DR.

METHODS

Public databases provided the data used in this study. The biomarkers associated with DNA methylation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) were identified by differential expression analysis, protein-protein interaction network construction, mendelian randomization, and 2 machine learning algorithms, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis was utilized to determine the functional roles of these biomarkers. The cell-specific expression patterns of biomarkers were analyzed at the single-cell level. Immune infiltration analysis was performed to further study the relationship between biomarkers, and 28 types of immune cell infiltration. The diagnostic power of biomarkers was assessed by the receiver operating curve (ROC) and nomogram.

RESULTS

CD44 was preliminarily identified as a biomarker linked to PDR, whereas ACAN, PLVAP, and HBEGF emerged as biomarkers associated with NPDR. The biomarkers were involved ibosome, lysosome, oxidative phosphorylation, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, P53 signaling pathway, and other pathways. In the retina of diabetic mice, PLVAP and HBEGF were mainly enriched in neutrophils. In the retinal fibroproliferative membranes of PDR patients, CD44 were mainly enriched in monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, CD44 was positively correlated with the remaining differential immune cells except for type 2 T helper cells. Effector memory CD4 T cells showed the strongest positive correlation with ACAN and the largest negative correlation with HBEGF. Finally, the ROC and nomogram validated biomarkers had an excellent diagnostic efficacy.

CONCLUSION

This study identified 4 genes (CD44, ACAN, PLVAP, and HBEGF) associated with DNA methylation may serve as biomarkers of DR, offering new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for DR.