Association between mental illness and disciplinary confinement and its effect on mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The use of disciplinary confinement (DC) as a form of punishment in detention raises international attention and many concerns that have led to the elaboration of several studies. However, as studies report mixed results regarding the risk of DC placement for mentally ill inmates and the possibility of psychological effects from exposure to DC, it was necessary to shed some light in order to better guide future decisions, policies and programs in detention. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of inmates with mental disorders being placed into disciplinary confinement and its effect on mental health. A systematic search of studies was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models. Heterogeneity among study point estimates was assessed with Q statistics and quantified with the I2 index. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's test. Quality assessment was based on the GRADE Checklist for observational studies. Guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed. First, a meta-analysis of five articles including 27,455 inmates showed that incarcerated individuals with a mental disorder were 1.23 times (OR=1.23, CI = 1.10; 1.38) more likely to be placed in DC than incarcerated individuals without a mental disorder. Notably, having a severe mental disorder (OR=1.31, p < 0.001), a personality disorder (OR=1.66, p < 0.001), and having previously received mental health services (OR=1.16, p = 0.024) increased the risk of being placed in DC. Secondly, a systematic review of six articles, including 171,300 inmates, showed more psychological distress, psychiatric symptoms (self-harm, thought disorders, obsessive-compulsive symptoms), need for mental health services, and hospitalizations in DC than in the general correctional population. Considering the increased risk of placement in DC for incarcerated persons with a mental disorder and its deleterious effect on mental state, it is essential that new safe interventions to manage these inmates are created to limit the use of DC and offer them proper mental health care. These results align with the ongoing concerns regarding the use of DC in correctional settings, which has raised widespread international attention on public health and human rights, and they provide critical insights for policy reforms and better practices in correctional facilities worldwide.