Longitudinal measurement invariance of the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 across Black and White American older adults.

The Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) assesses five maladaptive trait domains from the International Classification of Diseases-11th edition's dimensional model of personality disorder. Validity evidence of PiCD scores has relied primarily on White samples and there have been no evaluations of measurement invariance (MI). Research examining use of PiCD scores with diverse populations is needed. The present study investigated MI of PiCD scores across race and time in sample of White and Black American older adults (n = 843, ∼20% Black). Cross-sectionally, Marsh et al.'s (2009) 13-step exploratory structural equation modeling was used to determine MI of the five domains across Black and White participants at two waves of data collection about 2 years apart. Findings revealed partial strong invariance across race at both waves. At Wave 1, intercepts for two Anankastia items and two negative affectivity items (only one negative affectivity item at Wave 2) were noninvariant across race. Longitudinal exploratory structural equation modeling suggested strict invariance across time for the entire sample. Domain-level longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis indicated strict invariance across time for Black participants in each PiCD domain. Findings suggest four item means demonstrated noninvariance and require further examination, but the PiCD scores showed a high level of invariance (factor structure, factor loadings, 56 of 60 item intercepts). Reasons for the four noninvariant item intercepts are probed by examining scale score differences with and without the items and external correlates. Findings indicate partial strong invariance for PiCD scores, but the four item mean scores need further exploration across race, and potential revision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).