The Evolution of the Indwelling Pleural Catheter.

An indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) is a valuable tool in the management of pleural effusions, allowing drainage strategies to be tailored to match patient-centred goals. Previously, IPCs were primarily utilised in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) in the presence of non-expandable lung (NEL) or after the failure of chemical pleurodesis. Several studies have compared IPC to intercostal chest drain (ICD) with talc pleurodesis (TP), as well as different drainage regimens, resulting in a transition of practice. Continued developments have led to novel adjuncts, such as digital drainage, which allow controlled flow rates. The emerging field of intrapleural therapy in MPE is gaining attention as a potential new treatment modality, possibly increasing the scope of IPCs further. This article will provide a narrative review of the role of IPCs and will be based on published evidence to date and highlight the importance of an individualised, patient-centred care approach.