Hv1 channel in immune cells and pharmacology.

The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is a key regulator of immune cell function, crucial for maintaining pH homeostasis, supporting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. By facilitating proton extrusion in response to membrane depolarization, Hv1 helps counteract intracellular acidification during immune cell activation and respiratory burst. Hv1 is highly expressed in diverse immune populations such as neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and B cells, where it plays important roles in microbial defense, inflammatory signaling, antigen presentation, and cellular activation. Emerging evidence shows that dysregulation of Hv1 expression or function alters immune homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and cancers. Given its immunoregulatory functions and disease associations, Hv1 represents a promising therapeutic target for the development of novel treatments for immune and inflammatory diseases.