Famine in Ethiopia 1983-1985: kwashiorkor and marasmus in four regions.

Parts of southern Ethiopia were form 1983 to 1985 affected by drought and famine. This study describes the prevalence of marasmus and kwashiorkor in four drought-affected regions: Bale, Sidamo, Gamu Gofa and southern Shoa. An analysis of 37,511 children in the 1-5 year age group representing 212 communities has been performed. The study demonstrates that both marasmus and kwashiorkor are facets of drought. The epidemiologies of kwashiorkor and marasmus differ: marasmus is the most common form of acute malnutrition in all areas, while kwashiorkor is found in a limited number of communities only. These latter communities have a subsistence farming economy, most often in ensete-growing areas. In the lowland semi-arid regions, which have an agro-pastoralist economy, kwashiorkor is virtually absent. These epidemiological findings are discussed in relation to different theories of the aetiology and pathogenesis of kwashiorkor.