Dissociative symptoms in psychotic mood disorders: an example of symptom nonspecificity.

Dissociative symptoms have been the subject of psychiatric inquiry since the beginning of this century (Putnam 1992; Sanders 1986; van der Kolk and van der Hart 1989). Although recent investigations have focused on the four specific dissociative disorders (American Psychiatric Association 1994) and their relationship to early traumatic experiences (Chu and Dill 1990; Putnam 1985; Terr 1991), dissociative symptoms have been reported in virtually every major psychiatric disorder (Bremner et al. 1992; Goff et al. 1992; Steinberg 1992), and, in less severe forms, even in nonpatient populations (Briere 1988; Putnam 1992; Ross and Joshi 1992). These observations raise questions about the clinical significance of dissociative symptoms that occur when other mental disorders are also present (Coons 1984; Fahy 1988).