Orthopaedic manifestations of sickle-cell disease.

Sickle-cell disease is a well-recognized clinical entity. The pathophysiology of this hemoglobinopathy has been described in detail by numerous investigators since the first case report appeared in 1910. Orthopaedic manifestations of sickle-cell disease account for much of the morbidity associated with this disorder, including pain, osteonecrosis, arthritis, and sepsis. Effective management of these bone and joint sequelae reflect accurate diagnosis, understanding of this disorder's pathophysiology, and knowledge of available medical and surgical treatment alternatives. In this review, the authors summarize the major orthopaedic manifestations of sickle-cell disease with special emphasis placed upon osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis, since these conditions are the most disabling and serious complications in patients with sickle-cell disease.