Precision medicine for depression: Improving treatment response and remission.

This review synthesises current knowledge to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and optimise diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic approaches. It examines the interplay between genetic, epigenetic, inflammatory, neurotransmitter and gut microbiome factors, together with environmental stressors and different clinical symptom presentations, in shaping MDD presentation and treatment response. Studies have revealed potential biomarkers predictive of treatment response, allowing differentiation of MDD subtypes and facilitating remission monitoring. While studies have identified potential biomarkers predictive of treatment response and enabling MDD subtype differentiation, significant challenges remain in achieving fully optimized therapeutic efficacy and widespread remission. A holistic, data-driven approach is key to addressing the complex aetiology of MDD, ultimately improving outcomes for patients and reducing the substantial burden of this prevalent disorder.