Rate of CD4 cell decline and prediction of survival in zidovudine-treated patients.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between survival and the rate of CD4 cell decline before and in the first year following initiation of zidovudine (ZDV) therapy.

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

SETTING

Hospital-based HIV clinics within the Riverside District Health Authority in London.

PATIENTS: Patients (total, 1415) with AIDS (n = 476), symptomatic (n = 687) or asymptomatic (n = 194) HIV-1 infection, or of unknown clinical status (n = 58), who first received ZDV between June 1986 and October 1991.

INTERVENTION: The majority of patients received ZDV at an initial dose of 200 mg every 6 h or 250 mg twice daily. The median duration of follow-up after receipt of ZDV was 17 months (range, 2-54 months).

MAIN MEASUREMENTS: CD4 cell counts prior to and following initiation of ZDV; rate of decline of log-transformed CD4 cell count before ZDV therapy and during the first year of therapy; survival.

RESULTS

As of 31 December 1991, 432 patients had died. Patients with the highest rate of log CD4 decline before initiation of ZDV (< or = -0.06 log cells per month) as well as in the first year of ZDV therapy (< or = -0.08 log cells per month) had a much poorer 3-year survival from initiation of ZDV (23 and 40.5%, respectively) compared with patients with no decline or an increase in their CD4 count before (39.0%) or after (72.3%) ZDV therapy. In a series of multivariate analyses, a high rate of log CD4 decline in the first year of ZDV therapy (< or = -0.08 log cells per month) was predictive of poor survival, after adjustment for age and clinical status at initiation of ZDV and most recent CD4 count. In contrast, rate of CD4 decline before ZDV, presence of an initial CD4 rise and the magnitude of change in the rate of CD4 decline following ZDV were no longer significantly associated with outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

In this retrospective study, the rate of CD4 decline in the first year of ZDV therapy, but not the occurrence of an initial CD4 rise was predictive of survival, suggesting that the early CD4 response may be a poor measure of the impact of ZDV. Patients with a high rate of CD4 decline despite ZDV therapy represent a subgroup of patients with a poor prognosis who might benefit from alternative or combination antiretroviral therapies.