Cataract surgery at the end of the 19th century at Tübingen.

Cataract extraction with a Graefe knife incision was the most important development in cataract surgery during the 19th century. To determine the indications, visual outcome, complications, and problems of cataract surgery performed a century ago, we reviewed patient records from the year 1895. With use of Graefe's technique of cataract extraction, the early postoperative visual acuity was 20/200 or better in 63% and 20/40 or better in 5%. A secondary cataract developed in about 30% of eyes. A flat anterior chamber persisted for more than two days in about 20% of eyes. Astigmatism was not regularly measured, but was markedly increased after surgery. Surgery for secondary cataract was performed in only 20 eyes. There was a complication rate of nearly 50% in secondary cataracts. These results demonstrate some of the major problems of cataract surgery 100 years ago: secondary cataract, insufficient wound closure, high astigmatism, and aphakia as a refractive problem.