[The 2025 Nobel Prize: regulatory T lymphocytes, the long-neglected "immunosuppressive cells". A brief history of a scientific renaissance and its emergence in France].

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi for characterizing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and identifying the FOXP3 gene as their "master regulator". This work rehabilitated the long-debated concept of suppressor T cells, and established the field of peripheral immune tolerance. Beyong recounting the historical contributions of the laureates, this article reviews the emergence of Treg research in France since the early 2000s, highlighting the decisive influence of Benoît Salomon in the establishment and development of this field at the national level.