Pleural Effusion: Shedding Light on Pleural Disease Beyond Infection and Malignancy.

Background and

Objectives

Non-malignant pleural effusions (NMPEs) are the most frequently encountered pleural disease. They arise from various non-malignant, non-infectious clinical conditions, including cardiac, renal, and hepatic organ dysfunction. Despite their wide prevalence, there is a lack of literature for NMPE. This publication aims to provide an updated overview of the causes, diagnostic strategies, and management options for NMPE. Materials and

Methods

This review synthesizes findings from studies published on NMPE, focusing on the presentation, diagnosis (such as imaging and pleural fluid analysis), and management strategies. Studies were selected based on relevance and were analyzed to provide a comprehensive summary of current practices.

Results

The review highlights different etiologies of NMPE, including organ-specific factors. Imaging, pleural fluid analysis, and clinical correlation remain crucial in diagnosing the etiology of NMPE. Treatment strategies are largely dependent on the underlying condition. Medical management remains the mainstay for many causes. In some cases, interventions, such as thoracentesis, tunneled indwelling pleural catheter, or pleurodesis, are necessary.

Conclusions

NMPE is a heterogeneous condition with a wide prevalence and significant implications. They present a diagnostic and management challenge due to patient complexity and evolving therapeutic options.