Bacterial EVs contain small RNAs and transfer RNAs that regulate inflammation in lung infections.

This review examines the role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) in shaping interactions between bacteria and their human hosts. Produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during infections, BEVs play a pivotal role in host-pathogen dynamics without necessitating direct cell-to-cell contact. The article explores how BEVs engage with host cells, transporting short interfering RNAs (sRNAs) and transfer RNA-derived fragments (tRFs) to host cells and modulate the immune response by influencing key signaling pathways in diseases such as cystic fibrosis. The article particularly focuses on how BEVs contribute to biofilms and chronic infections through epigenetic modifications that alter immune responses in lung epithelial and immune cells. Additionally, the review identifies gaps in current knowledge and suggests directions for future research on BEVs.