Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for the female breast.

The complexity of mammary tissue and the variety of cells involved make tissue regeneration an ambitious goal. This review, supported by both detailed macro and micro anatomy, illustrates the potential of regenerative medicine in terms of mammary gland reconstruction to restore breast physiology and morphology, damaged by mastectomy. Despite the widespread use of conventional therapies, many critical issues have been solved using the potential of stem cells resident in adipose tissue, leading to commercial products. in vitro research has reported that adipose stem cells are the principal cellular source for reconstructing adipose tissue, ductal epithelium, and nipple structures. In addition to simple cell injection, construct made by cells seeded on a suitable biodegradable scaffold is a viable alternative from a long-term perspective. Preclinical studies on mice and clinical studies, most of which have reached Phase II, are essential in the commercialization of cellular therapy products. Recent studies have revealed that the enrichment of fat grafting with stromal vascular fraction cells is a viable alternative to breast reconstruction. Although in the future, organ-on-a-chip can be envisioned, for the moment researchers are still focusing on therapies that are a long way from regenerating the whole organ, but which nevertheless prevent complications, such as relapse and loss in terms of morphology.