Calcium and phosphate handling in peritoneal dialysis.

In the last 10 years, it has been well documented that mineral metabolism abnormalities in dialysis patients are associated with an enhanced risk of morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease. Extraskeletal calcifications represent one of the major risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in this population. In fact, secondary hyperparathyroidism and hyperphosphatemia associate with increased cardiovascular mortality in uremic patients for two reasons: first for the passive deposition of calcium and phosphate in soft tissues; second for the active role of inorganic phosphate on direct induction of extraskeletal mineralization of the tunica media in the vasculature of these patients. In peritoneal dialysis patients, many unbalances of calcium and phosphate metabolism are present. In particular, recent cohort studies indicate that most patients do not reach targets indicated by clinical practice guidelines. Further efforts to control hyperphosphatemia are essential, in order to reduce the impact of secondary hyperparathyroidism both on bone and cardiovascular system.