Cardiac manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome.

The antiphospholipid syndrome has been associated with multiple cardiac abnormalities. The earliest reports were of valvular disease, including verrucous endocarditis, as well as valvular thickening and insufficiency. Subsequently, antiphospholipid antibodies were implicated in coronary artery disease manifested by premature myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass graft occlusion. In addition, there have been rare reports of intracardiac thrombi and diffuse cardiomyopathy in association with antiphospholipid antibodies. In this review, we discuss the nature and prevalence of the cardiac manifestations of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome as well as some of the proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms. We also provide examples from our own experience. The expanding spectrum of cardiac disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies suggests an important role for these antibodies in certain types of cardiac pathology.