Association of Anaemia and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND

This research aims to find out the prevalence of depression in all types of anaemia patients of all age groups and genders by conducting a comprehensive meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies.

METHODOLOGY: The relevant peer-reviewed literature describing primary data analysis was thoroughly evaluated using the PRISMA checklist as a reference. We searched databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar, to identify research publications published between 2003 and 2024. R software version 4.3.0 was utilised to perform the meta-analysis, and the JBI score was employed for quality appraisal. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q and I2 statistics. To pool estimates, a random-effects model was employed. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's regression test.

RESULTS

After combining the results of the papers, the prevalence of depression was estimated at 36 % (CI = 95: 28-45 %) based on a random effects model. Sub-group analysis showed that the prevalence of depression was higher in patients with sickle cell anaemia (42%) followed by Thalassemia (35%) and Iron deficiency anaemia (20%). Sub-group analysis also found a higher prevalence (almost double) of depression in anaemic patients of Asia (40%) and the African continent (37%,) which is almost double as compared to America (28%) and Europe (20%). The declining trend of meta-regression analysis demonstrates that depression prevalence is higher among young anaemia patients (Children and adolescents) as compared to older ones.

CONCLUSION

Routine screening for depression may be required during regular follow-ups of anaemic patients, especially in resource-limited settings.