Pulmonary toxicity of cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agents. A review.

Cytotoxic agents may cause interstitial or eosinophilic pneumonitis, alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary venous occlusive disease, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, or pulmonary oedema. These agents may also potentiate lung injury caused by radiotherapy or high oxygen fractions in inspired air. Clinical and roentgenological features of lung damage induced by cytotoxic drugs are usually non-specific, and differential diagnoses include progression of the malignant disease and a plethora of opportunistic infections. Monitoring of blood gases and carbon monoxide transfer factor may facilitate early detection of drug induced lung injury. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy, or open lung biopsy may be necessary for reliable diagnosis. Early detection of lung damage and immediate withdrawal of the responsible agent(s) are essential. Steroids may be of therapeutic value in some patients.