The trio of Candida albicans, immune cells, and cancer progression: a complex interplay driving tumorigenesis.

Candida albicans (C. albicans) has been identified as an opportunistic pathogen that resides as commensal in healthy population but transform into pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Beyond secondary infection, current studies are evident it's complicated and concerning association in cancer progression. However, the interplay behind this association is still unknown. Here, we explored the trio association between the host's immune response, C. albicans and cancer progression. We acknowledged the gaps in existing knowledge, particularly the understudied mechanisms through which C. albicans promote oncogenesis and tumor progression. Key areas included chronic inflammation, influence on tumor microenvironment, immune modulation, and biofilm formation. Additionally, the review uncovered novel insights that could highlight the necessary future directions, specifically in development of therapeutics targeting this triad for better cancer management.