Pharmacotherapy: Optimal blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Inhibition of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is a successful therapy for hypertension, heart failure, and renal insufficiency. Overdosing of RAAS inhibitors is occasionally observed when several agents are used together, and can cause adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia, and renal failure. We advocate optimal, rather than complete, RAAS blockade.