Health science reports · 2026
Burden of Depression and Its Determinants Among Primary Caregivers of Individuals With Severe Mental Illness in Uganda: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.
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Ishimwe Florent, Ishimwe Marie Pascaline Sabine, Okello Maxwell, Nteziyaremye Theodore, Racheal Alinaitwe, Micheal Usman Ibe, Muhumuza Joshua, Dushimirimana Ildephonse, Ronald Musinguzi, Abdinazir Abdirazak, Ahmed Kiswezi Kazigo, Gumisiriza Norbert, Hakizimana Theoneste
Аннотация
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Primary caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) often experience substantial psychological distress, yet evidence from Uganda remains limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among primary caregivers of individuals with SMI in Uganda.
METHODS: We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study among 376 consecutively recruited primary caregivers of individuals with SMI attending Jin[ja Regional Referral Hospital and Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, the devaluation of consumer families scale for perceived stigma, and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for social support. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with depression, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.
RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among primary caregivers was 37.8% (142/376; 95% CI: 32.7%-42.8%). Among caregivers with depression, 99 (69.7%) had moderate depression, 35 (24.7%) had moderately severe depression, and 8 (5.6%) had severe depression. Depression was independently associated with high perceived stigma (aOR = 10.29, 95% CI: 3.16-33.50, p < 0.001), low perceived social support (aOR = 10.51, 95% CI: 2.95-37.45, p < 0.001), caring for patients aged 18-44 years (aOR = 4.20, 95% CI: 1.30-13.58, p = 0.017), caring for patients aged 65 years or older (aOR = 8.38, 95% CI: 1.50-46.89, p = 0.016), and caring for patients with major depression (aOR = 7.45, 95% CI: 2.76-20.14, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Depression was common among primary caregivers of individuals with SMI in this Ugandan multicenter study. Higher perceived stigma, lower perceived social support, and selected patient characteristics were associated with caregiver depression. These findings highlight the need for caregiver-focused mental health screening and psychosocial support within routine psychiatric care.
METHODS: We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study among 376 consecutively recruited primary caregivers of individuals with SMI attending Jin[ja Regional Referral Hospital and Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, the devaluation of consumer families scale for perceived stigma, and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for social support. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with depression, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.
RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among primary caregivers was 37.8% (142/376; 95% CI: 32.7%-42.8%). Among caregivers with depression, 99 (69.7%) had moderate depression, 35 (24.7%) had moderately severe depression, and 8 (5.6%) had severe depression. Depression was independently associated with high perceived stigma (aOR = 10.29, 95% CI: 3.16-33.50, p < 0.001), low perceived social support (aOR = 10.51, 95% CI: 2.95-37.45, p < 0.001), caring for patients aged 18-44 years (aOR = 4.20, 95% CI: 1.30-13.58, p = 0.017), caring for patients aged 65 years or older (aOR = 8.38, 95% CI: 1.50-46.89, p = 0.016), and caring for patients with major depression (aOR = 7.45, 95% CI: 2.76-20.14, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Depression was common among primary caregivers of individuals with SMI in this Ugandan multicenter study. Higher perceived stigma, lower perceived social support, and selected patient characteristics were associated with caregiver depression. These findings highlight the need for caregiver-focused mental health screening and psychosocial support within routine psychiatric care.