Emerging methods in noninvasive parasite surveillance in wildlife disease ecology.

Noninvasive approaches are increasingly reshaping parasite and disease surveillance by reducing stress and harm to hosts while expanding opportunities for ecological and epidemiological research. In this opinion article, we discuss these emerging approaches, which rely on molecular, citizen-science, and computational methods, for monitoring parasites, vectors, and hosts. These tools can improve spatial and temporal coverage, support the surveillance of rare or threatened hosts and parasites, and contribute to the understanding of transmission pathways and disease dynamics. However, their reliability depends on careful validation, standardized protocols, and awareness of methodological limitations. While not direct substitutes for invasive methods, these approaches lift a considerable burden from wildlife. Integrating noninvasive approaches thus provides a strong basis for advancing disease ecology, wildlife health monitoring, and biodiversity conservation.