Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
In vivo antimalarial activity and acute toxicity of organic and aqueous leaf, stem and root extracts of Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.
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Ochora Douglas O, Khaemba Deborah, Atieno Diana, Chepkirui Caroline
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Globally, about 500,000 people die annually due to malaria. Emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains is the main driver of the reported malaria cases and deaths. Therefore, there is a desperate need for alternative therapies with unique biological targets within the Plasmodium parasite. Antimalarial plants offer possible sources for such antimalarial compounds. Antimalarial drugs derived from plants, artemisinin and its derivatives, and quinine, are among the currently available antimalarial drug therapies. Communities in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Pakistan have used Ajuga integrifolia to treat malaria in folk medicine.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to determine the in vivo antimalarial activities and acute toxicity of leaf, stem, and root extracts of A. integrifolia.
METHODOLOGY: Dose levels of organic (dichloromethane/methanol 1:1 v/v) and aqueous leaf, stem and root extracts were determined using a modified Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) method for oral acute toxicity. Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the antimalarial activities of the organic and aqueous leaf and stem extracts and organic roots extracts of A. integrifolia using Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA).
RESULTS: Oral acute toxicity tests showed that organic leaf, stem, and root extracts were safe at 500 mg/kg, and aqueous leaf and stem extracts were safe at 1000 mg/kg. Most mice displayed a gradual increase in weight, with no physical and behavioural signs of toxicity observed. The most effective parasite clearance against P. berghei was observed using aerial parts of A. integrifolia. Specifically, organic stem extracts of 500 mg/kg/day suppressed parasite growth by 66.73%, while aqueous stem extracts of 1000 mg/kg/day achieved a parasite suppression of 64.14% in Swiss albino mice. Similarly, organic leaf extracts of A. integrifolia showed parasite suppression of 52.77% when tested at 500 mg/kg/day and aqueous leaf extracts showed 57.18% at 1000 mg/kg. Minimum antiplasmodial activity was observed in the 500 mg/kg/day organic root extract (49.79%).
CONCLUSION: Organic and aqueous extracts from the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of A. integrifolia exhibited inhibition of the erythrocyte stage of parasite growth within malaria-infected Swiss albino mice.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to determine the in vivo antimalarial activities and acute toxicity of leaf, stem, and root extracts of A. integrifolia.
METHODOLOGY: Dose levels of organic (dichloromethane/methanol 1:1 v/v) and aqueous leaf, stem and root extracts were determined using a modified Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) method for oral acute toxicity. Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to determine the antimalarial activities of the organic and aqueous leaf and stem extracts and organic roots extracts of A. integrifolia using Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA).
RESULTS: Oral acute toxicity tests showed that organic leaf, stem, and root extracts were safe at 500 mg/kg, and aqueous leaf and stem extracts were safe at 1000 mg/kg. Most mice displayed a gradual increase in weight, with no physical and behavioural signs of toxicity observed. The most effective parasite clearance against P. berghei was observed using aerial parts of A. integrifolia. Specifically, organic stem extracts of 500 mg/kg/day suppressed parasite growth by 66.73%, while aqueous stem extracts of 1000 mg/kg/day achieved a parasite suppression of 64.14% in Swiss albino mice. Similarly, organic leaf extracts of A. integrifolia showed parasite suppression of 52.77% when tested at 500 mg/kg/day and aqueous leaf extracts showed 57.18% at 1000 mg/kg. Minimum antiplasmodial activity was observed in the 500 mg/kg/day organic root extract (49.79%).
CONCLUSION: Organic and aqueous extracts from the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of A. integrifolia exhibited inhibition of the erythrocyte stage of parasite growth within malaria-infected Swiss albino mice.