Frontiers in immunology · 2026
Serum amyloid A in the oral microenvironment: implications for inflammation, host-microbe interactions, and disease monitoring.
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Cheng Xuefei, Gong Weichen
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To summarize current evidence regarding the role of serum amyloid A (SAA) in the oral microenvironment, with particular focus on its involvement in oral inflammation, host-microbe interactions, biofilm-associated chronic inflammation, and its potential utility as a diagnostic biomarker.
METHODS: Relevant literature regarding SAA in oral inflammation, host-microbe interactions, oral carcinogenesis, and salivary diagnostics was reviewed and synthesized. Particular emphasis was placed on studies investigating oral pathogens, inflammatory signaling pathways, biofilm-associated inflammation, salivary diagnostics, and veterinary applications of salivary SAA monitoring.
RESULTS: Accumulating evidence indicates that SAA is not only a classical acute-phase protein but also an active regulator of inflammatory responses. In the oral cavity, pathogenic microorganisms and persistent biofilm-associated stimulation can induce local and systemic SAA expression through innate immune signaling pathways, including TLR2/TLR4 and NF-κB signaling. SAA contributes to neutrophil recruitment, macrophage activation, cytokine amplification, and maintenance of chronic inflammatory microenvironments. Emerging studies further suggest that SAA may participate in biofilm-associated inflammatory persistence and may contribute to tissue remodeling and disease progression. In addition, SAA can be detected in saliva and inflammatory oral fluids, highlighting its potential as a non-invasive biomarker for disease monitoring. Veterinary studies investigating salivary SAA further support the feasibility of continuous and minimally invasive inflammatory monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS: SAA represents an important molecular link between oral microbial dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, and disease progression within the oral microenvironment. Beyond its role as a systemic inflammatory marker, SAA actively participates in immune regulation and host-microbe interactions. Salivary SAA monitoring may provide a promising non-invasive approach for longitudinal assessment of oral inflammatory diseases and related pathological conditions.
METHODS: Relevant literature regarding SAA in oral inflammation, host-microbe interactions, oral carcinogenesis, and salivary diagnostics was reviewed and synthesized. Particular emphasis was placed on studies investigating oral pathogens, inflammatory signaling pathways, biofilm-associated inflammation, salivary diagnostics, and veterinary applications of salivary SAA monitoring.
RESULTS: Accumulating evidence indicates that SAA is not only a classical acute-phase protein but also an active regulator of inflammatory responses. In the oral cavity, pathogenic microorganisms and persistent biofilm-associated stimulation can induce local and systemic SAA expression through innate immune signaling pathways, including TLR2/TLR4 and NF-κB signaling. SAA contributes to neutrophil recruitment, macrophage activation, cytokine amplification, and maintenance of chronic inflammatory microenvironments. Emerging studies further suggest that SAA may participate in biofilm-associated inflammatory persistence and may contribute to tissue remodeling and disease progression. In addition, SAA can be detected in saliva and inflammatory oral fluids, highlighting its potential as a non-invasive biomarker for disease monitoring. Veterinary studies investigating salivary SAA further support the feasibility of continuous and minimally invasive inflammatory monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS: SAA represents an important molecular link between oral microbial dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, and disease progression within the oral microenvironment. Beyond its role as a systemic inflammatory marker, SAA actively participates in immune regulation and host-microbe interactions. Salivary SAA monitoring may provide a promising non-invasive approach for longitudinal assessment of oral inflammatory diseases and related pathological conditions.