Botulinum toxin (Botox) A for reducing the appearance of facial wrinkles: a literature review of clinical use and pharmacological aspect.

Schistosomiasis is a common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) worldwide. It is known that adaptive immunity and specifically CD4+ T cells are necessary for experimental disease pathogenesis. The lectin complement system is activated in those infected with schistosomiasis. We tested the hypothesis that lectin complement promotes Th2 CD4+ T cell activation, leading to PH in a schistosomiasis exposure model. WT and transgenic mice lacking mannose binding lectin (MBL), and bone marrow chimeras, were experimentally exposed to Schistosoma mansoni eggs. PH severity was assessed by hemodynamics and vascular remodeling, and CD4+ T cell density and phenotype were assessed by flow cytometry. WT recipients of MBL-knockout bone marrow were protected from Schistosoma-induced PH. The protection from PH was associated with fewer Th2 CD4+ T cells. In WT mice exposed to Schistosoma, CD4+ T cell expression of MBL increased. MBL-deficient CD4+ T cells had a suppressed Th2 phenotype when exposed to Schistosoma antigens. Mice with deficiency of C4, which functions downstream of MBL in the lectin complement pathway, were not protected from Schistosoma-induced PH. Mice lacking MBL were not protected from PH caused by hypoxia exposure. MBL in CD4+ T cells promotes Schistosoma-induced PH.