Molecular biology reports · 2026
Regional genetic diversity and COI haplotype characterization of human-derived Enterobius vermicularis ısolates.
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Bedir Hilal, Çiftçi Nurullah, Öztürk Murat, Önk Ayşegül, Shahbazova Masma, Bahçeci İlkay, Deniz Emine Baran, Mor Neriman, Ezer Mehmet, Arslan Uğur, Maçin Salih, Beriş Fatih Şaban, Akıner Muhammet Mustafa, Çakmur Hülya, Arslan Mükremin Özkan
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a globally distributed intestinal nematode that primarily infects children. Despite its high prevalence, information on the molecular diversity of human-derived E. vermicularis populations remains limited, particularly in geographically diverse regions such as Türkiye. This study aimed to characterize genotype and haplotype diversity based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene in E. vermicularis egg isolates collected from humans in different regions of Türkiye.
METHODS: A total of 71 microscopy-positive samples were analyzed by nested PCR, and 40 COI amplicons (397 bp) yielded high-quality sequences for further evaluation. Sequence analysis revealed 16 distinct haplotypes defined by 20 polymorphic sites. Overall haplotype diversity was high (Hd = 0.871), whereas nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.00714).
RESULTS: Among the regional populations, the highest haplotype diversity was observed in Kars (Hd = 0.895), while the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in Balıkesir/Edremit (π = 0.00927). Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Türkiye haplotypes belonged to Genotype B and formed three subclusters together with previously reported human-derived reference sequences from Europe and the Middle East. Seven haplotypes showed no 100% match in GenBank and were therefore considered novel, whereas the remaining haplotypes were identical to genotype B sequences previously reported from Greece, Bulgaria, Iran, Iraq, and Türkiye.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study presents the first COI-based haplotype dataset of E. vermicularis egg isolates from multiple regions of Türkiye and demonstrates substantial intraspecific genetic diversity despite the predominance of a single mitochondrial genotype. These findings expand current knowledge of the genetic structure of human-derived E. vermicularis in Türkiye and provide a basis for future large-scale molecular epidemiological studies. Further studies including larger sample sizes and additional genetic markers are needed.
METHODS: A total of 71 microscopy-positive samples were analyzed by nested PCR, and 40 COI amplicons (397 bp) yielded high-quality sequences for further evaluation. Sequence analysis revealed 16 distinct haplotypes defined by 20 polymorphic sites. Overall haplotype diversity was high (Hd = 0.871), whereas nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.00714).
RESULTS: Among the regional populations, the highest haplotype diversity was observed in Kars (Hd = 0.895), while the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in Balıkesir/Edremit (π = 0.00927). Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Türkiye haplotypes belonged to Genotype B and formed three subclusters together with previously reported human-derived reference sequences from Europe and the Middle East. Seven haplotypes showed no 100% match in GenBank and were therefore considered novel, whereas the remaining haplotypes were identical to genotype B sequences previously reported from Greece, Bulgaria, Iran, Iraq, and Türkiye.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study presents the first COI-based haplotype dataset of E. vermicularis egg isolates from multiple regions of Türkiye and demonstrates substantial intraspecific genetic diversity despite the predominance of a single mitochondrial genotype. These findings expand current knowledge of the genetic structure of human-derived E. vermicularis in Türkiye and provide a basis for future large-scale molecular epidemiological studies. Further studies including larger sample sizes and additional genetic markers are needed.