Skull and vertebral bone marrow in central nervous system inflammation.

Emerging evidence has highlighted the capacity of hematogenous cells in skull and vertebral bone marrow to enter the meningeal borders via ossified vascular channels and maintain immune homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS-adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow comprises hematopoietic niches that can sense CNS injury and supply specialized immune cells to fine-tune inflammatory responses. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of skull and vertebral bone marrow-derived immune cells in homeostasis and inflammatory CNS diseases. Further, we discuss the implications for future development of therapies to mitigate CNS inflammation and its detrimental sequelae in neurological disorders.