Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity.
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Heindel Jerrold J, Howard Sarah, Agay-Shay Keren, Arrebola Juan P, Audouze Karine, Babin Patrick J, Barouki Robert, Bansal Amita, Blanc Etienne, Cave Matthew C, Chatterjee Saurabh, Chevalier Nicolas, Choudhury Mahua, Collier David, Connolly Lisa, Coumoul Xavier, Garruti Gabriella, Gilbertson Michael, Hoepner Lori A, Holloway Alison C, Howell George, Kassotis Christopher D, Kay Mathew K, Kim Min Ji, Lagadic-Gossmann Dominique, Langouet Sophie, Legrand Antoine, Li Zhuorui, Le Mentec Helene, Lind Lars, Monica Lind P, Lustig Robert H, Martin-Chouly Corinne, Munic Kos Vesna, Podechard Normand, Roepke Troy A, Sargis Robert M, Starling Anne, Tomlinson Craig R, Touma Charbel, Vondracek Jan, Vom Saal Frederick, Blumberg Bruce
Аннотация
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with both genetic and environmental components. The prevailing view is that obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure caused by overeating and insufficient exercise. We describe another environmental element that can alter the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure: obesogens. Obesogens are a subset of environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors affecting metabolic endpoints. The obesogen hypothesis posits that exposure to endocrine disruptors and other chemicals can alter the development and function of the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and brain, thus changing the set point for control of metabolism. Obesogens can determine how much food is needed to maintain homeostasis and thereby increase the susceptibility to obesity. The most sensitive time for obesogen action is in utero and early childhood, in part via epigenetic programming that can be transmitted to future generations. This review explores the evidence supporting the obesogen hypothesis and highlights knowledge gaps that have prevented widespread acceptance as a contributor to the obesity pandemic. Critically, the obesogen hypothesis changes the narrative from curing obesity to preventing obesity.