Dual osmotic controlled release platform for antibiotics to overcome antimicrobial-resistant infections and promote wound healing.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus forming into biofilms can trigger chronic inflammation and disrupt skin wound healing processes. Prolonged and excessive use of antibiotics can expedite the development of resistance, primarily because of their limited ability to penetrate microbial membranes and biofilms, especially antibiotics with intracellular drug targets. Herein, we devise a strategy in which virus-inspired nanoparticles control the release of antibiotics through rapid penetration into both bacterial cells and biofilms, thereby combating antimicrobial-resistant infections and promoting skin wound healing. Lipid-based nanoparticles based on stearamine and cholesterol were designed to mimic viral highly ordered nanostructures. To mimic the arginine-rich fragments in viral protein transduction domains, the primary amines on the surface of the lipid-based nanoparticles were exchanged by guanidine segments. Levofloxacin, an antibiotic that inhibits DNA replication, was chosen as the model drug to be incorporated into nanoparticles. Hyaluronic acid was coated on the surface of nanoparticles acting as a capping agent to achieve bacterial-specific degradation and guanidine explosion in the bacterial microenvironment. Our virus-inspired nanoparticles displayed long-acting antibacterial effects and powerful biofilm elimination to overcome antimicrobial-resistant infections and promote skin wound healing. This work demonstrates the ability of virus-inspired nanoparticles to achieve a dual penetration of microbial cell membranes and biofilm structures to address antimicrobial-resistant infections and trigger skin wound healing.