Near-infrared light-propelled biodegradable nanorobots overcome biofilm barriers for multidrug-resistant infection therapy.

Overcoming the dense extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix barriers is a major challenge in the therapy of biofilm-associated infections. Here, we report a nanorobot-based therapeutic strategy that integrates deep biofilm penetration with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)-mediated membrane disruption, enabling efficient eradication of multidrug-resistant biofilms. Under near-infrared (NIR) light actuation, the Janus gold-mesoporous organosilicon nanorobots actively penetrate biofilms via self-thermophoretic propulsion. Upon penetration into the deep biofilm regions, the sulfur-bridged organosilicon framework of the nanorobots undergoes thiol-assisted cleavage, triggering the environment-dependent release of the encapsulated gramicidin (Gr). In a murine model of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm-infected wounds, this multi-responsive nanorobot system markedly enhances antibiofilm efficacy and achieves >95% wound closure with pronounced tissue remodeling, highlighting its considerable potential for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.