The Application of Single-cell RNA Sequencing Technology in the Research of Sino-Nasal Diseases.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized rhinology by enabling the high-resolution dissection of nasal pathophysiology at the genetic level. This article provides a comprehensive overview of scRNA-seq technology and discusses the progressive developments in its application for diagnosing diseases in rhinology, chiefly infective nasal diseases and chronic inflammatory states. It has been instrumental in identifying infection-related genes, linking cellular dynamics to clinical variables such as age and smoking, and deconvoluting complex diseases like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis(AR) by defining key pathogenic cells (e.g., ALOX15+ macrophages) and novel pathways like glycolysis. The integration of scRNA-seq with spatial transcriptomics and multi-omics approaches is also discussed in this article, promising deeper insights into nasal biology and future therapeutic strategies, while current technological limitations are acknowledged.