The effects of sofosbuvir on the colon of adult male albino rats and the potential protective role of propolis: A histological and immunohistochemical study.

BACKGROUND

Although sofosbuvir is a promising remedy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection, it presents some side effects. Propolis is a natural product that provides a solution to mitigate the risk. This study aims to illuminate the impact of sofosbuvir on the colon, for the first time to our knowledge, and the role of propolis.

METHODS

Forty adult male albino rats were divided equally into four groups and were given drugs as a single daily dose for four weeks. Group I (distilled water). Group II (200 mg/kg propolis). Group III (40 mg/kg sofosbuvir). Group IV (sofosbuvir + propolis). At the end of the experiment, body weight was measured, and biochemical analysis of oxidative stress markers was done. After animal scarification, colon specimens were prepared and stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome, Alcian blue, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Scanning electron microscopic examination was done.

RESULTS

Propolis co-administration revealed a significant decrease in crypt damage and total colitis, depth of mucosal fissures, and collagen fiber deposition (P < 0.001). Conversely it displayed a significant increase in goblet cell numbers compared to the sofosbuvirtreated group (P < 0.001). This positive effect of propolis is provided via the considerable reduction in malondialdehyde, and by a rise in superoxide dismutase and glutathione (P < 0.001). Propolis co-treatment displayed a significant downregulation of COX-2 and PCNA immunoreaction compared to the sofosbuvir-treated group (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Propolis protected against colitis caused by sofosbuvir, regulating oxidation, inflammation, and cell proliferation.