The use of immotile testicular sperm for in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection: what are the outcomes?

Sperm extraction for in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) remains the only option for men with azoospermia to father biologic offspring. Even in cases of successful sperm retrieval, the challenge of selecting optimal sperm for use in IVF/ICSI is an area of research interest. Testicular sperm, unlike epididymal or ejaculated sperm, are often immotile, and there remains debate on the use of immotile testicular sperm in IVF/ICSI and how to best assess sperm viability. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the available literature regarding IVF/ICSI outcomes using immotile testicular sperm.