Incidence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding After Transesophageal Echocardiography Use in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.

The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) after transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with high grade esophageal varices (EV) that are undergoing Orthotopic Liver transplantation (OLT) is poorly understood. This was a retrospective single-centre cohort study in all patients that underwent OLT at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham between September 2016 and September 2018. The primary outcome was to determine the incidence of UGIB in patients that have undergone OLT with EV that received TEE. 401 patients were included in the study, of which 320 (80%) received TEE. The incidence of post-operative UGIB in patients that received TEE was 1.6% (5/320) in the entire cohort: 2.7% (4/149) in patients with no evidence of EV and 0.6% (1/171) in patients with EV. UGIB occurred in 1 patient with grade 2 EV and did not occur in patients with grade 1 or 3 EV. The incidence of UGIB in patients that received TEE was not statistically different to patients that did not: 1.6% (5/320) vs. 3.7% (3/81) p = 0.218. In conclusion, in patients that underwent OLT, intra-operative TEE use was associated with low rates of UGIB, even in cohorts with high grade EV. This suggests that TEE is a relatively safe method of haemodynamic monitoring in patients undergoing OLT.