Diagnosis and treatment of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia.

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML), defined as AML arising from prior cytotoxic, radiation, or immunosuppressive therapy for an unrelated disease, accounts for 7 %-8 % of AML cases and primarily occurs in elderly patients. t-AML is associated with an increased probability of adverse cytogenetics and shortened survival compared with de novo AML. Factors predicting poorer prognosis in t-AML include older age, unfavorable karyotype, presence of certain mutations, poor performance status, and poor bone marrow reserve. Few clinical studies have focused specifically on patients with t-AML, and the choice of induction therapy for t-AML is thus typically based on subset analyses of larger studies or on extrapolation. In patients deemed fit, t-AML treatment can involve CPX-351 (liposomal daunorubicin and cytarabine) or conventional chemotherapy, ideally followed by hematopoietic cell transplantation. Patients who are not candidates for intensive therapy may benefit from lower-intensity therapies. Additional agents and combination regimens are being evaluated in clinical studies.